CULTURAL PRESENCE/TELEPRESENCE

Details:

The definitions under this heading can involve technology or not involve technology; the phenomenon is a subjective property of an individual person; the source of the stimuli in the experience is external and/ or internal; there is either an accurate perceptioon that there is no technology involved in the experience or an inaccurate perception that technology is not involved when it is; and the aspect of the phenonenon that is of primary interest is related to the social and cultural context of actions in an environment.

Sample defintion(s):

Mantovani, & Riva (1999):
“Our proposed definition of presence develops that of the ecological approach but, unlike it: (a) recognizes the mediated character of every possible experience of presence; (b) always conceives experience as immersed in a social context; (c) emphasizes the component of ambiguity inherent in everyday situations; (d) highlights the function of clarification which culture (artifacts and principles) plays” (p. 13); "Ultimately, there are only two elements, which guarantee presence: a cultural framework, and the possibility of negotiation, of both actions and their meaning."